By the time students reach GCSE level in Science they should have a good grasp of the fundamental ideas in chemistry. This is the third of six quizzes on those ideas and it looks specifically at ionic bonding of atoms via the transfer of electrons.
The Greeks first came up with the idea of the atom as being the smallest possible piece of matter. We now know that atoms are made from even smaller particles, arranged as a small central nucleus made from protons and neutrons surrounded by even smaller particles called electrons. The theory of atoms was not really taken seriously until the nineteenth century when a scientist called John Dalton was alive. Dalton suggested that each element is made of atoms of just one particular sort. He realised that the atoms of any element are different from the atoms of any other element. So in other words, iron contains a different type of atoms from those of oxygen, and the atoms in carbon are different from those of hydrogen. He also correctly recognised that compounds are made from different types of atom joined together.
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Dalton worked out that during chemical reactions, the atoms in the chemicals at the start were simply rearranged to form the products. The original atoms are still there but joined up differently - but he was never able to explain how they did this. Dalton's theories took a long time to be accepted by other scientists since it was not possible to do the experiments needed to support his theories - atoms are too small to see.
Eventually, as scientists discovered more and more about the structure of atoms, they began to understand how they join together. It is all to do with the electrons which either transfer or are shared between atoms. When non-metals react together, they share electrons to form covalent bonds, but when a metal reacts with a non-metal, electrons transfer from one atom to another and this is called ionic bonding. In ionic bonding, metals always lose electrons forming positive ions whilst non-metals always gain them to form negative ions. The opposite charges attract and it is that attraction that is the ionic bond.
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1.
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Which sub-atomic particles are involved in chemical bonding? |
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[ ] |
Neutrons |
[ ] |
Protons |
[ ] |
Electrons |
[ ] |
All of them |
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2.
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When metals bond with non-metals what happens to their electrons? |
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[ ] |
The metals lose electrons |
[ ] |
The metals gain electrons |
[ ] |
The metals share their electrons |
[ ] |
The metals keep the same number of electrons |
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3.
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Why is sodium a reactive metal? |
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[ ] |
It has a low melting point |
[ ] |
It is silvery-grey in colour |
[ ] |
It has one electron in its outer energy level (electron shell) |
[ ] |
It has seven electrons in its outer shell |
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4.
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Which of the following statements is not correct about chlorine? |
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[ ] |
Chlorine gas is poisonous |
[ ] |
Chlorine has six electrons in its outer energy level |
[ ] |
Chlorine's outer energy level is not full which means it is a reactive non-metal |
[ ] |
Chlorine forms a negative ion |
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5.
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When sodium and chlorine react what happens to their electrons? |
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[ ] |
One electron is transferred from the sodium to the chlorine |
[ ] |
One electron is transferred from the chlorine to the sodium |
[ ] |
The chlorine and the sodium share an electron |
[ ] |
Seven electrons are transferred from the chlorine to the sodium |
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6.
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What is the ionic bond between sodium and chlorine? |
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[ ] |
A pair of shared electrons |
[ ] |
The nucleus of the sodium atom sticks to the chlorine |
[ ] |
Particles called gluons attach the two atoms to each other |
[ ] |
An electrostatic charge holds them together |
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7.
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Potassium is in the same group of the periodic table as sodium but lower down the group. This means what? |
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[ ] |
Potassium is less popular |
[ ] |
Potassium has more electrons in its outer energy level |
[ ] |
Potassium will react more slowly |
[ ] |
Potassium will form ionic compounds with non-metals |
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8.
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Which of the following reactions does not involve ionic bonding? |
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[ ] |
sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride |
[ ] |
sulfur and oxygen → sulfur dioxide |
[ ] |
iron and oxygen → iron oxide |
[ ] |
zinc and nitric acid → zinc nitrate and water |
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9.
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46g of sodium react with how much oxygen to produce 110g of sodium oxide? |
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[ ] |
23g |
[ ] |
46g |
[ ] |
64g |
[ ] |
110g |
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10.
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Magnesium is in group II of the periodic table. How many electrons would it transfer when it reacts with oxygen and what would the charge be on its ion? |
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[ ] |
1 electron, +1 ion |
[ ] |
2 electrons, +2 ion |
[ ] |
3 electrons, +2 ion |
[ ] |
4 electrons +3 ion |
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1.
|
Which sub-atomic particles are involved in chemical bonding? |
|
[ ] |
Neutrons |
[ ] |
Protons |
[x] |
Electrons |
[ ] |
All of them |
|
|
2.
|
When metals bond with non-metals what happens to their electrons? |
|
[x] |
The metals lose electrons |
[ ] |
The metals gain electrons |
[ ] |
The metals share their electrons |
[ ] |
The metals keep the same number of electrons |
|
|
3.
|
Why is sodium a reactive metal? |
|
[ ] |
It has a low melting point |
[ ] |
It is silvery-grey in colour |
[x] |
It has one electron in its outer energy level (electron shell) |
[ ] |
It has seven electrons in its outer shell |
|
|
4.
|
Which of the following statements is not correct about chlorine? |
|
[ ] |
Chlorine gas is poisonous |
[x] |
Chlorine has six electrons in its outer energy level |
[ ] |
Chlorine's outer energy level is not full which means it is a reactive non-metal |
[ ] |
Chlorine forms a negative ion |
|
|
5.
|
When sodium and chlorine react what happens to their electrons? |
|
[x] |
One electron is transferred from the sodium to the chlorine |
[ ] |
One electron is transferred from the chlorine to the sodium |
[ ] |
The chlorine and the sodium share an electron |
[ ] |
Seven electrons are transferred from the chlorine to the sodium |
|
|
6.
|
What is the ionic bond between sodium and chlorine? |
|
[ ] |
A pair of shared electrons |
[ ] |
The nucleus of the sodium atom sticks to the chlorine |
[ ] |
Particles called gluons attach the two atoms to each other |
[x] |
An electrostatic charge holds them together |
|
|
7.
|
Potassium is in the same group of the periodic table as sodium but lower down the group. This means what? |
|
[ ] |
Potassium is less popular |
[ ] |
Potassium has more electrons in its outer energy level |
[ ] |
Potassium will react more slowly |
[x] |
Potassium will form ionic compounds with non-metals |
|
|
8.
|
Which of the following reactions does not involve ionic bonding? |
|
[ ] |
sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride |
[x] |
sulfur and oxygen → sulfur dioxide |
[ ] |
iron and oxygen → iron oxide |
[ ] |
zinc and nitric acid → zinc nitrate and water |
|
|
9.
|
46g of sodium react with how much oxygen to produce 110g of sodium oxide? |
|
[ ] |
23g |
[ ] |
46g |
[x] |
64g |
[ ] |
110g |
|
|
10.
|
Magnesium is in group II of the periodic table. How many electrons would it transfer when it reacts with oxygen and what would the charge be on its ion? |
|
[ ] |
1 electron, +1 ion |
[x] |
2 electrons, +2 ion |
[ ] |
3 electrons, +2 ion |
[ ] |
4 electrons +3 ion |
|
|