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Genetic variation and its control is one of the topics within science, that is covered in high school. This quiz looks specifically at genetic engineering.
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Humans have sought to control genes and to exploit genetic variation for thousands of years. Selective breeding has been used to modify the characteristics of plants and animals to better suit our needs. Examples are disease resistant plants, or cattle that give high yields of milk. But there are problems with this, since future generations of selectively bred organisms will share increasingly similar genes.
During the twentieth century, scientists began to understand genes and genetics more deeply than before. Knowledge has reached the point where it is now possible to identify a gene for a particular characteristic and transfer it artificially into an organism. This is called genetic engineering and it allows genes to be transferred from the same species or from different species.
Some examples of genetic engineering are:
- Adding the carotene gene from carrots into rice so that people lacking vitamin A in their normal diet can make it if they eat genetically modified (GM) rice.
- Adding a gene from weedkiller resistant plants into soy beans. This means the farmer can spray their crop with weedkiller and only the weeds will die, meaning there is less competition and the yield of soy will be increased.
- Adding the insulin gene from humans into bacteria, meaning that insulin can be produced rapidly and cheaply to treat diabetics.
There are many ethical issues surrounding human control of genes by genetic engineering, and plenty of health worries too. Since the science is new, no-one knows what the long trem effects on the health of people eating genetically modified (GM) crops or animals will be. There are also religious objections because it seems like scientists are 'playing God'. You need to make up your own mind after considering the facts from both sides carefully.
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1.
|
Mutations are changes to an organism's what? |
|
[ ] |
Cells |
[ ] |
Appearance |
[ ] |
DNA |
[ ] |
Behaviour |
|
|
2.
|
Taking the pollen from one rose flower and using it to pollinate a flower on a different rose plant is an example of what? |
|
[ ] |
Selective breeding |
[ ] |
Mutation |
[ ] |
Genetic engineering |
[ ] |
None of the above |
|
|
3.
|
Which of the following is not a disadvantage of selective breeding? |
|
[ ] |
The long term health issues are unknown |
[ ] |
The gene pool is diliuted |
[ ] |
Disease could spread quickly through a population |
[ ] |
There could be an increase in genetic diseases |
|
|
4.
|
How do scientists cut out a specific gene ready to place into another organism? |
|
[ ] |
They use a scalpel and a microscope |
[ ] |
They use a small pice of thin glass |
[ ] |
They use an enzyme |
[ ] |
They use a hot wire to cut the DNA in the right place |
|
|
5.
|
What is the correct order of these steps which describe genetic modification?
1. Isolation of the gene responsible for the characteristic.
2. Replication of the transgenic organism.
3. Selection of the desired characteristic.
4. Insertion of the gene into another organism. |
|
[ ] |
1,2,3,4 |
[ ] |
4,3,2,1 |
[ ] |
2,3,1,4 |
[ ] |
3,1,4,2 |
|
|
6.
|
Where in a cell are the genes found? |
|
[ ] |
They make up the chromosomes |
[ ] |
They make up the cell wall |
[ ] |
They are floating around in the cytoplasm |
[ ] |
They are contained in the cell membrane |
|
|
7.
|
These statements are about the role of enzymes in genetic modification. Which is correct? |
|
[ ] |
Ligase enzymes are used to cut DNA in specific places |
[ ] |
Restriction enymes are used to cut DNA in specific places |
[ ] |
Restriction enzymes join DNA together |
[ ] |
None of the statements are correct |
|
|
8.
|
Which of the following can be used as vectors? |
|
[ ] |
Bacteria, plasmids and viruses |
[ ] |
Bacteria and plasmids |
[ ] |
Plasmids and viruses |
[ ] |
Plasmids only |
|
|
9.
|
Nowadays, most insulin is made using genetically modified bacteria that have had the human gene for insulin inserted into them. Which of the following could be regarded as an advantage of GM insulin over natural insulin? |
|
[ ] |
It can be made in very large amounts from gentically modified bacteria |
[ ] |
It is less likely to cause an adverse reaction |
[ ] |
It overcomes ethical concerns from vegetarians, vegans and some religious groups |
[ ] |
All of the above |
|
|
10.
|
Which of the following is a moral objection to genetic engineering of a crop? |
|
[ ] |
GM food could contain substances that create allergic reactions in some people |
[ ] |
Moving genes from one organism to another is unnatural |
[ ] |
It could cross breed with the same crops in nearby fields, contaminating it in unpredictable ways |
[ ] |
It could reduce biodiversity |
|
|
1.
|
Mutations are changes to an organism's what? |
|
[ ] |
Cells |
[ ] |
Appearance |
[x] |
DNA |
[ ] |
Behaviour |
|
|
2.
|
Taking the pollen from one rose flower and using it to pollinate a flower on a different rose plant is an example of what? |
|
[x] |
Selective breeding |
[ ] |
Mutation |
[ ] |
Genetic engineering |
[ ] |
None of the above |
|
|
3.
|
Which of the following is not a disadvantage of selective breeding? |
|
[x] |
The long term health issues are unknown |
[ ] |
The gene pool is diliuted |
[ ] |
Disease could spread quickly through a population |
[ ] |
There could be an increase in genetic diseases |
|
|
4.
|
How do scientists cut out a specific gene ready to place into another organism? |
|
[ ] |
They use a scalpel and a microscope |
[ ] |
They use a small pice of thin glass |
[x] |
They use an enzyme |
[ ] |
They use a hot wire to cut the DNA in the right place |
|
|
5.
|
What is the correct order of these steps which describe genetic modification?
1. Isolation of the gene responsible for the characteristic.
2. Replication of the transgenic organism.
3. Selection of the desired characteristic.
4. Insertion of the gene into another organism. |
|
[ ] |
1,2,3,4 |
[ ] |
4,3,2,1 |
[ ] |
2,3,1,4 |
[x] |
3,1,4,2 |
|
|
6.
|
Where in a cell are the genes found? |
|
[x] |
They make up the chromosomes |
[ ] |
They make up the cell wall |
[ ] |
They are floating around in the cytoplasm |
[ ] |
They are contained in the cell membrane |
|
|
7.
|
These statements are about the role of enzymes in genetic modification. Which is correct? |
|
[ ] |
Ligase enzymes are used to cut DNA in specific places |
[x] |
Restriction enymes are used to cut DNA in specific places |
[ ] |
Restriction enzymes join DNA together |
[ ] |
None of the statements are correct |
|
|
8.
|
Which of the following can be used as vectors? |
|
[x] |
Bacteria, plasmids and viruses |
[ ] |
Bacteria and plasmids |
[ ] |
Plasmids and viruses |
[ ] |
Plasmids only |
|
|
9.
|
Nowadays, most insulin is made using genetically modified bacteria that have had the human gene for insulin inserted into them. Which of the following could be regarded as an advantage of GM insulin over natural insulin? |
|
[ ] |
It can be made in very large amounts from gentically modified bacteria |
[ ] |
It is less likely to cause an adverse reaction |
[ ] |
It overcomes ethical concerns from vegetarians, vegans and some religious groups |
[x] |
All of the above |
|
|
10.
|
Which of the following is a moral objection to genetic engineering of a crop? |
|
[ ] |
GM food could contain substances that create allergic reactions in some people |
[x] |
Moving genes from one organism to another is unnatural |
[ ] |
It could cross breed with the same crops in nearby fields, contaminating it in unpredictable ways |
[ ] |
It could reduce biodiversity |
|
|