World History: Senior High School: 11th and 12th Grade Quiz - World War One: 1914-18 - Alps, Balkans And Campaigns Against The Ottoman Empire (Answers)
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In 1914 the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, while in the following year Italy joined the Western Allies. These developments added at least two more fronts - the Alps and the Balkans - to the existing Western and Eastern Fronts.
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Italy had originally been a member of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) from 1882. However, Italian designs on Austrian territory began to loom larger, and Italian leaders believed that the Central Powers could be defeated by a Quadruple Entente involving Britain, France, Russia and Italy
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The fighting on the Alpine front was always bitter. Troops were expected to operate at high altitudes, and Austrian forces often had the better of their Italian adversaries
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Forces had to be re-deployed from the Western Front in order to bolster the Italian effort in the Alps. However, by 1918 cracks were beginning to show in the cohesion of the Austrian Empire, as minority ethnic group after minority ethnic group aspired to independence
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Greek politics was complicated, and the King was prone to intervene. Much of the Greek elite was sympathetic to the Central Powers, but support for the Entente was growing
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The Balkans was a swirling mix of rivalries - especially as the Ottoman foothold seemed about to disappear. There were Slavs (Bulgars, Serbs and Macedonians), Latins (Romanians) and others, like Greeks and Albanians. There were also strong religious differences: Muslims in Bosnia and Albania, Orthodox Christians in Romania and elsewhere
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Bulgaria had originally been part of the Turkish Empire. However, while the Powers were sympathetic to Bulgarian aspirations, they would not countenance any Bulgarian presence on the Aegean coastline - they feared that a Russian naval presence would follow not far behind
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This crucial strait controlled access from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea. If Turkey could be defeated, then Russia could be re-supplied through the Straits
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The Turks assembled a formidable force, determined to deny British and Imperial forces access to the "fertile Crescent"
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A new generation of "Young Turks" blamed the defeat in the Great War on an older generation of rulers, including the Sultans in power. Young army officers were determined to seize the military and political initiative before Turkey was humiliated yet again
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The British were keen to approach the core of the Ottoman Empire in a three-pronged attack. The left flank was the regular British army invading from Egypt, the central thrust was Lawrence of Arabia's irregular Arab force, and the right flank was covered by British and Indian troops, advancing up the valleys of the Tigris and the Euphrates
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