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Towards the end of the 1930s Hitler's foreign policy became bolder. He was more confident that he could get away with blatant infringements of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1935, after all, he had succeeded in re-arming Germany, and now he felt that he could press on with territorial expansion.
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France was weak and divided, while its close ally Belgium would only follow a clear French lead. Britain was most reluctant to become involved, and believed that Hitler had the right to station his armed forces in all parts of German territory
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Hitler was keen that Franco should win this war, and - in any event - supplying military assets to the Nationalists was an excellent way of testing weapons in actual warfare - and in mainly good weather with little risk to German lives, as mostly Spanish service personnel were involved
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Spanish civilians in the Republican zone were the first Europeans to experience the kind of bombing that Hitler unleashed against Rotterdam in 1940, and against London and other British cities from 1940 to the end of the Second World War. Raids were regular, and citizens became used to diving into air raid shelters when the sirens wailed
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1937 was a kind of "year off" in Nazi foreign policy. Hitler wanted to absorb the gains from 1933-6, and to discuss with his closest aides a program of further aggression for 1938, 1939 and beyond
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This move breached no less than two of the treaties which Germany had been compelled to sign in 1919-20
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Hitler was prepared to use any argument to justify his moves, but he was unlikely to be deflected from his plans for eastward expansion
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Hitler never intended to observe international agreements to which he had been a party. His determination to press towards the east was paramount
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Hitler ultimately intended to take over the USSR, but he preferred to take one step at a time. He would like to invade Poland, but this operation would be easier if Russia refrained from supporting its western neighbor
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All of these states had authoritarian regimes, and could be useful in the event of the outbreak of world war. However, Hitler only added one of these to his formal alliance with Mussolini's Italy
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In 1920 Poland, a newly restored power, moved beyond this line to take advantage of a temporary Russian weakness. In 1939 Germany and Russia agreed that the original 1919-20 line would now mark the border between Germany and the USSR
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