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Organic Chemistry 2
Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water because there are weaker forces of attraction between the ethanol molecules than between the water molecules.

Organic Chemistry 2

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In this, the second of our high school Chemistry quizzes on organic chemistry, we look at some of the different types of organic compounds, their structure and their properties. Organic compounds can be different shapes and can contain many different elements - as long as carbon and hydrogen are there, the compound is classified as being organic.

The simplest and largest group of organic compounds are the hydrocarbons, you will have learned about these when you studied crude oil. Aromatic organic compounds all have a distinctive smell and the carbon atoms in them are arranged in a ring rather than a straight line like the alkanes and alkenes that we have met before.

Carboxylic acids are weak acids. You can recognize them from their formulae because they end in -COOH or they match the general formula CnH2nO2. So CH3COOH would be a carboxylic acid, so would C3H6O2. They get their names from the number of carbons in the main chain for example, CH3COOH is ethanoic acid which is the chemical that gives vinegar its sour taste and acidic properties. C4H8O2 is butanoic acid as it has 4 carbons in the chain.

Do you see how the naming is working - use the same prefixes as for the alkanes and alkenes but add -ic acid to them. Some of them are stronger acids than others and a lot of the shorter chain molecules dissolve in water. They have a lot of reactions in common with the strong inorganic acids - sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric. They can be neutralized by alkalis to form a salt and water - that is the basis of soap. The process of making soap is called saponification. The first soaps were made from animal fats but now are often made from vegetable oils like palm oil and olive oil. Fats and oils contain two parts to their molecules, a glycerol part joined to carboxylic acids.

The alcohols are another homologous series of chemicals, instead of ending in -COOH, they end in -OH. A homologous series is a series of organic chemicals that have similar properties and a general formula that applies to every single one of them. Alcohols are often volatile, inflammable and toxic chemicals that have many uses - we even drink one type of alcohol, ethanol. This is easily produced by fermentation, a process in which yeast grows, converting sugar to alcohol. Ethanol is the waste product and ultimately kills the yeast. It affects human metabolism and is therefore considered a drug - a legal recreational drug.

Alcohols and carboxylic acids react together to form yet another homologous series, the esters. During the reaction, the hydrogen of the -OH on the alcohol, combines with the hydrogen and oxygen of the carboxylic acid forming water in a reversible chemical reaction. The two original molecules are then joined together via the oxygen atom of the alcohol. The process is called esterification and you should be able to name the ester formed. These are very useful chemicals that can be used as solvents, in cooking as they are responsible for the tastes and smells of many fruits, in cosmetics and perfumes as they have a strong, pleasant smell. You may have some clothes that are made from polyester. Polyesters are long chain polymer molecules that can be woven together to make fabrics. It is even possible to recycle bottles made from polyester plastics to make fleecy clothing!

1.
Which of the following acids is an organic compound?
Hydrochloric
Sulphuric
Ethanoic
Nitric
This is the chemical name for vinegar
2.
Which of the following formulae is for a carboxylic acid?
C2H4
C2H5COOH
C2H5OH
C4H8O2
This is the molecular formula for propanoic acid (three carbon atoms)
3.
If a carboxylic acid is reacted with an alcohol, what is formed?
An alcohol
An alkene
An alkane
An ester
Water is formed as well as the ester
4.
Name the ester formed when methanol is reacted with butanoic acid.
Methyl propanoate
Butyl methanoate
Methyl butanoate
Butyl ethanoate
The term from the alcohol is given the '-yl' suffix and is followed by the acid term with the suffix '-ate'
5.
Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water because...
the -OH groups in the ethanol molecules have a tendency to cling together
the attraction between the molecules is weaker
the ethanol molecules can easily lose a hydrogen atom
the ethanol molecules mix well with water
The weaker the bonds between molecules, the easier it is to separate them
6.
Which of these organic compounds has the functional group -COOH?
Alcohols
Carboxylic acids
Esters
Alkanes
A functional group is the unique combination of atoms that gives an organic chemical its characteristics
7.
Name the acid and alcohol required to make the ester butyl methanoate.
Butanol and methanoic acid
Methanol and propanoic acid
Butanol and propanoic acid
Methanol and butanoic acid
Remember the naming rule from question 4 ...
8.
Which of these organic compounds is unsaturated?
Carboxylic acid
Alcohol
Alkane
Alkene
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double C to C bonds
9.
What is the functional group of alcohols?
COOH
OH
COO
CO
Alcohols are one example of the many homologous series of organic chemistry
10.
When organic compounds combust in a plentiful supply of air, what are the products?
Carbon dioxide only
Carbon monoxide and water
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen
Carbon dioxide and water
All organic compounds produce CO2 and H2O when they undergo complete combustion, incomplete combustion produces the poisonous carbon monoxide which prevents your red blood cells from carrying oxygen round your body
Author:  Kate Gardiner

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