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Spelling:  Plurals 2
Forests are beautiful in any season.

Spelling: Plurals 2

Tackle tricky plural rules in 11 Plus English: -o words, -f to -ves, and unusual Latin endings. Spot patterns and choose the right ending every time.

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Fascinating Fact:

Tricky endings: tomato → tomatoes, potato → potatoes, but piano, photo, video just add s. Learn these families together.

In 11 Plus English, plurals follow patterns. Some words change spelling, others keep it. You will meet families like -f to -ves and Latin endings. Learn the groups, then practise.

  • Loanword: A word borrowed from another language that may keep its original plural, for example appendix/appendices.
  • Compound noun: A noun made of two or more words, like runner-up or mother-in-law.
  • Irregular plural: A plural that does not simply add s or es, for example mice or children.
How do I pluralise words ending in -f or -fe?

Many change to -ves (wolf → wolves, knife → knives). Some just add s (chiefs, roofs). Learn common lists and check tricky ones in a reliable dictionary.

What are plurals for words ending in -us, -is, or -on?

Common patterns: -us → -i (cactus → cacti), -is → -es (analysis → analyses), -on → -a (phenomenon → phenomena). Some have accepted English forms too.

How do you make plurals of compound nouns?

Make the main word plural: mothers-in-law, runners-up, passers-by. Closed compounds usually add s: football → footballs.

1 .
Which plural has been written incorrectly?
teeth
noses
axises
noes
It should be 'axes': 'axis-axes'. Note: nouns ending in '-is' change to '-es' in the plural. For example, basis-bases; oasis-oases; hypothesis-hypotheses; analysis-analyses
2 .
Which plural has been written incorrectly?
bacteriums
tornadoes
tornados
cherries
It should be 'bacteria': 'bacterium-bacteria'. Note: nouns ending in '-um' change the ending to '-a', '-i' or '-s'. For example, stratum-strata; erratum-errata
3 .
Which plural has been written incorrectly?
crisises
halos
haloes
aircraft
It should be 'crises': 'crisis-crises'. Note: nouns ending in '-is' change it to '-es' in the plural. For example, basis-bases; oasis-oases; hypothesis-hypotheses; analysis-analyses
4 .
Which plural has been written incorrectly?
whales
cargos
criterions
cargoes
It should be 'criteria': 'criterion-criteria'. Note: nouns ending in '-on' change it to '-a' in the plural: phenomenon-phenomena
5 .
Which plural has been written incorrectly?
zeros
formulars
zeroes
witches
It should be 'formulae/formulas': 'formula-formulae/formulas'
6 .
Which plural has been written incorrectly?
toys
ways
studies
photoes
It should be 'photos': 'photo-photos'. Nouns ending in '-o' add '-es' or '-s' to form the plural. For example, photos, discos, pianos BUT sometimes you have a choice: buffalo - buffalos/buffaloes; motto - mottos/mottoes; tornado - tornados/tornadoes; volcano - volcanos/volcanoes; zero - zeros/zeroes
7 .
Which plural has been written incorrectly?
series
species
elfs
days
It should be 'elves': 'elf-elves'. Nouns ending in '-f/fe' drop the ending and add '-ves' to form their plurals BUT some just add '-s' to the ending: roof-roofs; cliff-cliffs; sheriff-sheriffs. If the noun ends in '-ff' just add '-s'. Sometimes you have a choice: scarf - scarfs/scarves; hoof - hoofs/hooves
8 .
Which plural has been written incorrectly?
loaves
oxen
lice
leafs
It should be 'leaves': 'leaf-leaves'. Nouns ending in '-f/fe' drop the ending and add '-ves' to form their plurals BUT some just add '-s' to the ending: roof-roofs; cliff-cliffs; sheriff-sheriffs. If the noun ends in '-ff' just add '-s'. Sometimes you have a choice: scarf-scarfs/scarves; hoof - hoofs/hooves
9 .
Which plural has been written incorrectly?
languages
antennaes
stories
ghosts
It should be 'antennae/antennas': 'antenna-antennae/antennas'
10 .
Which plural has been written incorrectly?
focus's
forests
fights
fridges
Focus can take either focuses or foci as a plural
Author:  Frank Evans (Specialist 11 Plus Teacher and Tutor)

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