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The Dome of the Rock, in Jerusalem, is a holy site for Muslims.

Middle East: 1948-1999 - Attempts Since 1973 To Broker A Peace Settlement

Explore how peace talks, treaties and negotiations have tried to reduce conflict in the Middle East since 1973, and see how well you understand this GCSE History topic.

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Fascinating Fact:

In 1994 Israel and Jordan signed a peace treaty. It settled border issues, water sharing, and opened the way for closer economic links.

In GCSE History, this topic looks at attempts to create peace in the Middle East after 1973. You study peace talks, key leaders, international pressure, and why some agreements succeeded while others broke down.

Key Terms

Camp David Accords: A 1978 agreement between Egypt and Israel, brokered by the USA, which led to a peace treaty and Israeli withdrawal from Sinai.
Oslo Accords: Agreements in the 1990s in which Israel and the PLO recognised each other and set up limited Palestinian self-rule in some areas.
Peace Process: The continuing series of negotiations, treaties and talks aimed at finding a lasting settlement between Israel, its neighbours and the Palestinians.

Frequently Asked Questions (Click to see answers)

What were the main peace agreements in the Middle East after 1973?

Key agreements included the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel, the 1994 peace treaty between Israel and Jordan, and the Oslo Accords between Israel and the PLO, which created limited Palestinian self-rule.

What was agreed in the Camp David Accords?

At Camp David, Egypt recognised Israel and Israel agreed to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula. The deal led to a full peace treaty and showed that separate agreements with Arab states were possible.

Why have Middle East peace talks often struggled to succeed?

Peace talks have struggled because of deep mistrust, disputes over land and Jerusalem, refugee issues, violence by extremists, and changes of government that sometimes weaken support for agreements.

Try These Related Quizzes

1 .

In 1977 President Sadat of Egypt flew to Jerusalem and addressed the Israeli Knesset. What was this body?

The Israeli Foreign Ministry

The Israeli Parliament

The Israeli Broadcasting Authority

The Conference of Israeli Synagogues

Sadat took a big risk in going to Israel, and indeed a short while after his return he was assassinated by members of his own bodyguard

2 .

In 1978 Sadat and Menachem Begin, the Israeli leader, met the US President Jimmy Carter. Where did this meeting take place?

The White House

The Pentagon

The State Department

Camp David

These talks led to the signing in 1979 of a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel

3 .

In 1993 talks took place in Oslo, that included representatives of the Palestinian people. Which organisation was recognised by the United Nations as the sole legitimate voice of Palestinians?

The Palestinian Authority

The Palestinian Liberation Organisation

Hamas

Hezbollah

Negotiations with the Palestinians were difficult. Issues like Gaza, the West Bank, Israeli settlements and East Jerusalem were complicated and aroused strong passions

4 .

Which Arab state reached agreement with the State of Israel in 1994?

Jordan

Lebanon

Syria

Iraq

This was progress, but very slow if countries were going to recognise Israel one by one, and only after the passage of more time

5 .

In 2003 a phrase was used by the leaders of the US, the Palestinians and the government of Israel to suggest a peace plan with regular gradual targets towards an eventual "two-state solution". What was this phrase?

A road plan

A peace plan

A road map

A peace map

This document suggested a long and gradual "peace process"

6 .

From 2002 a "Quartet" of four main states, or groups of states, agreed to use their collective influence to achieve Middle East peace. Which of the following did not belong to the Quartet?

Russia

China

The European Union

The United Nations

After 10 years the Quartet had little to show for their efforts

7 .

The Quartet did, however, have a Special Envoy, tasked with exploiting opportunities for Middle East peace. Who occupied this post from 2007 - 2015?

Baroness Ashton of Upholland

Tony Blair

Senator McCain

Ex-President of the USA Jimmy Carter

Despite apparent intense activity Blair's achievements in the role seem rather meagre

8 .

Both the Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock are sacred sites for muslims. On which part of Israeli-occupied East Jerusalem are they to be found?

The Mount of Olives

The Temple Mount

The Old City

The Plain of Midian

This is an especially sensitive area. Ariel Sharon's visit there in 2000 provoked serious protests

9 .

Equally the so-called "Wailing Wall" in East Jerusalem is cherished by Jews, especially Ultra-Orthodox ones. What other name is given to this wall?

The Temple Wall

The Eastern Wall

The Praying Wall

The Western Wall

In 1967, after the wall was captured by Israeli forces, many Orthodox Jews gathered there to pray

10 .

One stumbling block in the way of an agreement between Israel and the Palestinians is the question of "settlements", parcels of land seized by Jewish farmers. Where are these settlements mainly to be found?

In the Gaza Strip

In the Negev Desert

On the West Bank

On the Golan Heights, the border between Israel and Syria

For settlers this land is part of "Eretz Israel" extending beyond the borders established in 1948-9 to which they have a right according to the Old Testament. For the Palestinians this is their land and they look to the Israeli authorities to eject the settlers

Author: Edward Towne