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Romania almost doubled in size when it was given Transylvania, formerly a part of Hungary.

World War One Aftermath: 1920-1923 Treaties

Explore the peace treaties signed after the First World War and test how well you understand new borders, lost territories, and the impact on countries such as Hungary.

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Fascinating Fact:

The Treaty of Trianon (1920) dealt with Hungary. Hungary lost about two thirds of its territory and population to neighbours such as Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

In GCSE History, you explore how peace treaties signed between 1919 and 1923 redrew the map of Europe. These settlements weakened the defeated powers, rewarded victorious states, and created new countries, but also left many people dissatisfied.

Key Terms

Successor state: A new or enlarged country created from the land of defeated empires, such as Czechoslovakia or Yugoslavia.
Self-determination: The idea that national groups should have the right to choose their own government and form their own state.
Peace settlement: A group of treaties that formally end a war and set out new borders, military limits, and other conditions.

Frequently Asked Questions (Click to see answers)

What peace treaties were signed after World War One?

The main treaties were Versailles with Germany, Saint-Germain with Austria, Neuilly with Bulgaria, Trianon with Hungary, and Sèvres and later Lausanne with Turkey. Together they formed the post-war peace settlement.

How did the post-war treaties affect Hungary?

Hungary lost large areas of land and population to neighbouring states, saw its army reduced, and faced economic difficulties. Many Hungarians ended up living outside the new Hungarian borders, which caused long-term resentment.

Why are the 1919-1923 peace treaties important in GCSE History?

These treaties are important because they help explain political tensions in the 1920s and 1930s. Many historians argue that the harsh terms and new borders contributed to instability and the rise of extremist movements.

Try These Related Quizzes

1 .

Hungary (like Austria) lost much territory, leaving a small Magyar-state surrounded by other states possessing large Magyar minorities. Which state to the north inherited a large Hungarian population?

Czechoslovakia

Germany

Poland

Liechtenstein

It was difficult to avoid leaving ethnic minorities separated from the majority, as different races were mixed up - especially in Central and Eastern Europe. Such minorities could de-stabilise the state in which they were forced to live, and arouse resentment in the nearby homeland where they would prefer to be

2 .

Which non-Arab Muslim group, concentrated in N.E. Syria, Northern Iraq and Turkey, failed to influence the Powers to grant them their own state during this period?

Kurds

Druze

Medes

Turkomen

This group was not strong enough to challenge either re-awakened Arab nationalism or growing European imperialism in the new Middle East of the post-war era

3 .

Britain received land from Turkey, most of which later became the state of Israel. What was this mandate called from 1920 to 1948?

Palestine

The West Bank

Samaria

Galilee

The area was largely peopled by Arabs, and Britain was reluctant to let in too many Jews for fear of upsetting this Arab majority. Britain had of course announced in the Balfour Declaration of 1917 that she welcomed the establishment of a home for Jews in the Middle East

4 .

Austria lost substantial territory to other powers in the settlement. With which state was it forbidden to unite in the 1920 treaty?

Hungary

Switzerland

Italy

Germany

Many Austrians felt that, having lost most of their empire, they should be allowed to merge with a nearby state. Otherwise Austria seemed like a head (the capital Vienna) without a body

5 .

What was the name of the treaty signed with Bulgaria?

Trianon

Neuilly

St. Germain

Senlis

Bulgaria paid a heavy price for its alliance with the Central Powers

6 .

Hungary was compelled to give up Transylvania. Which nearby state almost doubled in size when it acquired this province?

Bulgaria

Yugoslavia

Romania

Russia

The loss of Transylvania was bitterly felt in Hungary, but its new possessor hardly felt strengthened by its new acquisition

7 .

Name one province of the former Ottoman Empire, which France obtained through the settlement, to become ruled under a mandate from the League of Nations.

Lebanon

Iraq

Saudi Arabia

Kuwait

All of Turkey's non-Ottoman lands were ceded by 1924 to one or other of the victorious powers, to be ruled under a League of Nations mandate or - in a few cases - to become independent states

8 .

Which Turkish leader spearheaded his country's rejection of the 1920 treaty, and forced the Allies to sign a much more generous settlement three years later?

Murad

Ocalan

Kemal

Suleiman

The Allies were wary of becoming involved in a further war, and hence they failed to protect the Greek minority in Asia Minor, which was swiftly expelled from Turkish soil. There were also bitter memories of the stout (and successful) defence put up by the Turks at Gallipoli

9 .

Britain was granted a second mandate in the Western Middle East, apart from the one in Palestine. By what name was this area known at first?

Jordan

Transjordan

The Sinai

Nafud

This acquisition seemed to complement the other mandated territories granted to Britain, and to complete a fair share-out of Arab lands with France

10 .

Which British war hero advised both the British government and Arab leaders, while the peace treaties were being negotiated?

General Allenby

Lawrence of Arabia

General Alexander

General Hamilton

The Arabs wanted their own states in the areas relinquished by the Turks, but Britain and France had held talks during the War over how best to carve up the Middle East between them. The awareness of large deposits of oil was a powerful motive

You can find more about this topic by visiting BBC Bitesize - Paris Peace Treaties and the League of Nations, to 1933

Author: Edward Towne